SFINAE

 

C++

Language

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Utilities library

Strings library

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Algorithms library

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Numerics library

Input/output library

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Regular expressions library (C++11)

Atomic operations library (C++11)

Thread support library (C++11)

 

C++ language

 

Templates

parameters and arguments

class templates

function templates

class member templates

variable templates(C++14)

template argument deduction

explicit (full) specialization

partial specialization

dependent names

parameter packs(C++11)

sizeof...(C++11)

SFINAE

 

"Substitution Failure Is Not An Error"

This rule applies during overload resolution of function templates: When substituting the deduced type for the template parameter fails, the specialization is discarded from the overload set instead of causing a compile error.

This feature is used in template metaprogramming.

Explanation

Function template parameters are substituted (replaced by template arguments) twice:

• explicitly specified template arguments are substituted before template argument deduction
• deduced arguments and the arguments obtained from the defaults are substituted after template argument deduction

Substitution occurs in

• all types used in the function type (which includes return type and the types of all parameters)
• all types used in the template parameter declarations

all expressions used in the function type all expressions used in a template parameter declaration

(since C++11)

A substitution failure is any situation when the type or expression above would be ill-formed (with a required diagnostic), if written using the substituted arguments.

Only the failures in the types and expressions in the immediate context of the function type or its template parameter types are SFINAE errors. If the evaluation of a substituted type/expression causes a side-effect such as instantiation of some template specialization, generation of an implicitly-defined member function, etc, errors in those side-effects are treated as hard errors.

Substitution proceeds in lexical order and stops when a failure is encountered. template<typename SomeType> struct inner_type { typedef typename SomeType::type type; }; template < class T, class = typename T::type, // SFINAE failure if T has no member type class U = typename inner_type<T>::type // hard error if T has no member type (never occurs) > void foo (int);

(since C++14)

Type SFINAE

The following type errors are SFINAE errors:

attempting to instantiate a pack expansion containing multiple packs of different lengths

(since C++11)

• attempting to create an array of void, array of reference, array of function, array of abstract class types, array of negative size, or array of size zero.

template<int I> void div(char(*)[I % 2 == 0] = 0) {
    // this overload is selected when I is even
}
template<int I> void div(char(*)[I % 2 == 1] = 0) {
    // this overload is selected  when I is odd
}

• attempting to use a type that is not a class or enumeration on the left of a scope resolution operator ::

template <class T> int f(typename T::B*);
int i = f<int>(0); // failure: int cannot be used to the left of ::
// todo: needs to demonstrate overload resolution, not just failure

• attempting to use a member of a type, where

• the type does not contain the specified member
• the specified member is not a type where a type is required
• the specified member is not a template where a template is required
• the specified member is not a non-type where a non-type is required

template <int I> struct X { };
template <template <class T> class> struct Z { };
template <class T> void f(typename T::Y*){}
template <class T> void g(X<T::N>*){}
template <class T> void h(Z<T::template TT>*){}
struct A {};
struct B { int Y; };
struct C { typedef int N; };
struct D { typedef int TT; };
int main() {
    // Deduction fails in each of these cases:
    f<A>(0); // A does not contain a member Y
    f<B>(0); // The Y member of B is not a type
    g<C>(0); // The N member of C is not a non-type
    h<D>(0); // The TT member of D is not a template
}
// todo: needs to demonstrate overload resolution, not just failure

• attempting to create a pointer to reference
• attempting to create a reference to void
• attempting to create pointer to member of T, where T is not a class type

template<typename T>
class is_class {
    typedef char yes[1];
    typedef char no [2];
    template<typename C> static yes& test(int C::*); // selected if C is a class type
    template<typename C> static no&  test(...);      // selected otherwise
  public:
    static bool const value = sizeof(test<T>(0)) == sizeof(yes);
};

• attempting to give an invalid type to a non-type template parameter

template <class T, T> struct S {};
template <class T> int f(S<T, T()>*);
struct X {};
int i0 = f<X>(0);
// todo: needs to demonstrate overload resolution, not just failure

• attempting to perform an invalid conversion in

• in a template argument expression
• in an expression used in function declaration

template <class T, T*> int f(int);
int i2 = f<int,1>(0); // can’t conv 1 to int*
// todo: needs to demonstrate overload resolution, not just failure

• attempting to create a function type with a parameter of type void
• attempting to create a function type which returns an array type or a function type

attempting to create a cv-qualified function type	(until C++11)
attempting to create a function type with a parameter or return type that is an abstract class.	(since C++11)

Expression SFINAE

The following expression errors are SFINAE errors Ill-formed expression used in a template parameter type Ill-formed expression used in the function type struct X {}; struct Y { Y(X){} }; // X is convertible to Y   template <class T> auto f(T t1, T t2) -> decltype(t1 + t2); // overload #1   X f(Y, Y); // overload #2   X x1, x2; X x3 = f(x1, x2); // deduction fails on #1 (expression x1+x2 is ill-formed) // only #2 is in the overload set, and is called

(since C++11)

Only constant expressions that are used in types (such as array bounds) were required to be treated as SFINAE (and not hard errors) before C++11.

(until C++11)

Library support

The standard library component std::enable_if allows for creating a substitution failure in order to enable or disable particular overloads based on a condition evaluated at compile time.

In addition, many type traits are implemented using SFINAE.

Examples

A common idiom is to use expression SFINAE on the return type, where the expression uses the comma operator, whose left subexpression is the one that is being examined (cast to void to ensure the user-defined operator comma on the returned type is not selected), and the right subexpression has the type that the function is supposed to return.

Run this code

#include <iostream>
struct not_a_type{};
 
// this overload is always in the set of overloads
// ellipsis parameter has the lowest ranking for overload resolution
void test(...)
{
    std::cout << "Catch-all overload called\n";
}
 
// this overload is added to the set of overloads if
// C is a reference-to-class type and F is a member function pointer
template<class C, class F>
auto test(C c, F f) -> decltype((void)(c.*f)(), void())
{
    std::cout << "Reference overload called\n";
}
 
// this overload is added to the set of overloads if
// C is a pointer-to-class type and F is a member function pointer
template<class C, class F>
auto test(C c, F f) -> decltype((void)((c->*f)()), void())
{
    std::cout << "Pointer overload called\n";
}
 
struct X { void f() {} };
 
int main(){
  X x;
  test( x, &X::f);
  test(&x, &X::f);
  test(42, 1337);
}

Output:

Reference overload called
Pointer overload called
Catch-all overload called